Fragmentation

Definition

Fragmentation occurs when free memory is broken into small, non-contiguous blocks, making it difficult to allocate large blocks of memory.

Types of Fragmentation

• Internal Fragmentation: Occurs when a block of memory is allocated that is larger than the requested size.
• External Fragmentation: Occurs when free memory is broken into small blocks, making it difficult to allocate large blocks.

Causes of Fragmentation

• Dynamic Memory Allocation: Frequent allocation and deallocation of memory can lead to fragmentation.
• Variable-Sized Blocks: Allocating blocks of different sizes can lead to fragmentation.

Effects of Fragmentation

• Reduced Memory Utilization: Fragmentation can lead to wasted memory.
• Slower Performance: Fragmentation can lead to slower memory allocation and deallocation.

Solutions to Fragmentation

• Paging: Divides memory into fixed-size blocks, reducing fragmentation.
• Compaction: Moves allocated blocks together, freeing up contiguous blocks of memory.
• Best-Fit Allocation: Allocates the smallest block of memory that meets the request, reducing fragmentation.

Importance

• Efficient Memory Use: Reducing fragmentation improves memory utilization.
• Improved System Performance: Reducing fragmentation can improve system performance.